{"id":191,"date":"2014-01-24T15:18:58","date_gmt":"2014-01-24T15:18:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.stampingamericanmemory.org\/?page_id=191"},"modified":"2014-01-24T15:18:58","modified_gmt":"2014-01-24T15:18:58","slug":"shaping-national-identity-with-commemoratives-in-1920s-1930s","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/stampingamericanmemory.org\/2014version\/shaping-national-identity-with-commemoratives-in-1920s-1930s\/","title":{"rendered":"Shaping National Identity with Commemoratives in 1920s & 1930s"},"content":{"rendered":"

My stamps tell wondrous stories
\nIn their own mysterious way;
\nWeaving a quaint fascination
\nThat holds me in its sway.<\/p>\n

They illustrate man\u2019s achievements,
\nAnd his victory over things;
\nHis many modes of travel,
\nOn water, rails and wings.<\/p>\n

They show our nation\u2019s heroes,
\nMen who helped to free
\nOur great and might country,
\nDearest land of liberty.
\n–Thomas Kildride, \u201cMy Stamps,\u201d 1936 ((Thomas G. Killride, \u201cMy Stamps,\u201d in Charles J. Phillips, Stamp Collecting, the King of Hobbies and the Hobby of Kings<\/em> (New York, N.Y.: H. L. Lindquist, 1936), 407\u201308.))<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

When Thomas Killride looked at the stamps he collected, he read \u201cwondrous stories.\u201d He felt patriotic about American achievements and proud of heroes who helped to \u201cfree Our great and mighty country.\u201d Stories leaping out from American commemorative stamps, like the ones Killride alluded to, were shaped by decisions made by the Postmaster General and his assistants and influenced by elected officials and the American public. Starting in 1892, the USPOD printed commemorative series advertising the U.S. world\u2019s fairs with imagery that revered American achievements in technology and American and European conquest of lands and peoples. History as depicted on ordinary definitive postage represented a top-down approach by honoring American political and military history showing the faces of former presidents and military leaders. Commemorative stamps in particular offered a government-approved version of American history that both collectors and non-collectors noticed.<\/p>\n

By the 1920s, Americans petitioned the government and asked the USPOD to print stamps that commemorated their local anniversary or honored their favorite hero. By doing so, petitioners sought the legitimacy of the USPOD to broaden the American national narrative distributed and presented on commemorative, limited-issue stamps. Individuals and special interest groups framed their petitions by arguing that their event or hero exemplified American values, contributed to founding of the nation and winning independence. Most petitioners did not collect stamps as a hobby, but because most Americans had been primed to see and read those images as significant beyond their practical use as postage, they saw that stamps held power as unique federal documents to tell stories with images that circulated widely throughout the U.S. and the world.<\/p>\n

American commemoratives served as a powerful tool for disseminating federally-sanctioned episodes of American history. This strategy proved successful for the USPOD as it became more interested in fostering philately as a consumer practice and hobby. After finding that commemorative world\u2019s fair stamps would sell in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Department looked beyond national expositions and began designing stamps that recognized regional commemorations and individuals, while significantly increasing the number of commemoratives printed in the early twentieth century. From 1892 to 1919, the USPOD printed forty-seven different commemorative stamps, almost exclusively printed to celebrate world\u2019s fairs or regional expositions. Limited-issue production tripled between 1920 and 1940, when the USPOD printed and released 150 different commemoratives. With the Philatelic Agency<\/a> established in 1921, the Department was better equipped to handle the distribution of additional issues and requests from collectors.<\/p>\n

While the U.S. led the way in the production of limited-issue stamps, it was not the only country producing commemoratives. Latin American nations celebrated centennials of independence between 1910 and 1924 with stamps. Sixty-two countries comprising the British Empire celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of George V\u2019s reign by printing a stamp to commemorate this event, offering quite a catalog for the collector. Although originating the postal revolution, Great Britain did not issue its first commemorative until 1924, so this \u201cJubilee\u201d set pleased collectors of British and British colonial stamps. When other nations began printed commemoratives, the USPOD was already printing a greater variety of limited-issues. Global production increased greatly, so that all postal agencies printed more commemoratives during 1930-1934 than had been printed in the previous decade (1920-29), or any time prior. ((Jack Child, Miniature Messages: The Semiotics and Politics of Latin American Postage Stamps<\/em> (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008), 47\u20138.. The following articles all appear in Frank L Wilson, The Philatelic Almanac: The Stamp Collector\u2019s Handbook<\/em> (New York: H.L. Lindquist, 1936).: George B. Sloane, \u201cA Review of the 1935 Auction Season,\u201d 27-8; C.I. Cromwell, \u201cBritish Colonials in 1935,\u201d 31; and Kent B. Stiles, \u201cMajor and Minor Varieties of Postage Stamps Issued 1840-1934,\u201d 58-60.))<\/p>\n

Federal statutes restricted the UPSOD from printing the portrait of any living person on stamps, which privileged stamps\u2014definitive and commemorative\u2014that represented snapshots from the past. ((31 USC, Section 5114, RS 3576)) As citizens and politicians petitioned the postal service, the USPOD did not accept all commemorative stamp requests. Officials carefully chose subjects for commemorative printing, and this authority elevated any story or individual into a broader official American narrative that told consumers that this person or event was nationally-significant and worthy of representing the United States. These carefully-chosen and constructed stamps were then collected and saved by philatelists, some who saw American stamps not only as \u201cwondrous stories\u201d but as \u201cstepping stones of history\u201d that traced, from beginning to end, the \u201cAlpha and Omega\u201d of America\u2019s story. ((William J. Reed, \u201cThe Sun Never Sets in Philately Land,\u201d Philatelic West<\/em> 85, no. 2 (February 1927): np.; and Killride, \u201cMy Stamps.\u201d)) This perception perpetuated by philatelists, teachers, and the USPOD, justified the educational value of collecting stamps. Viewing the corpus of commemoratives in this way indicated that many collectors\u2014and most likely many non-collectors\u2014believed that scenes printed on stamps told accurate stories from the past and that individuals were chosen because of their an undisputed significance in American history. These stories became memorialized as collectors saved stamps. Those stamps, transformed into miniature memorials to the subjects represented within.<\/p>\n

Postmaster General, James Farley, appointed by \u201cFirst Philatelist\u201d Franklin Delano Roosevelt during his presidency in the 1930s, recognized that these commemorative stamps acted as \u201cpermanent memorials.\u201d Much like structural memorials built in public spaces, one vision of the past dominates the stamp\u2019s imagery, which screens out other perspectives. Stamps were small in size, but their availability made them more accessible than memory sites such as museums, archives, and monuments. These sites have the power, according to Pierre Nora, to be nation-building tools that erase a personal, experiential memory of the past. ((United States Post Office Department, Annual Report of the Postmaster-General of the United States for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936<\/em> (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1936), 47.; Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory<\/em>, trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Pierre Nora, \u201cBetween Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire,\u201d Representations<\/em> 26 (Spring 1989): 7\u201325.)) For this reason, it is important to examine limited-issue commemoratives and their impact as if they are miniature memorials.<\/p>\n

As the USPOD worked to present a united vision of the past, stamp scenes showed a decisively white and Protestant vision of early America that obscured more diverse and complicated realities of slavery, violence, and oppression. Conversations revolving around these stamps demonstrate how the USPOD became a powerful institution that legitimized and distributed historical narratives, and one that allowed ordinary citizens to engage with its government. Americans always maintained a close relationship with the postal service, and when successfully petitioning for a stamp on behalf of their cause some citizens actually influenced postal decisions and public memory.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

My stamps tell wondrous stories In their own mysterious way; Weaving a quaint fascination That holds me in its sway. They illustrate man\u2019s achievements, And his victory over things; His many modes of travel, On water, rails and wings. They show our nation\u2019s heroes, Men who helped to free Our great and might country, Dearest […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":257,"parent":0,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-191","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stampingamericanmemory.org\/2014version\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/191","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stampingamericanmemory.org\/2014version\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stampingamericanmemory.org\/2014version\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stampingamericanmemory.org\/2014version\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stampingamericanmemory.org\/2014version\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=191"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/stampingamericanmemory.org\/2014version\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/191\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stampingamericanmemory.org\/2014version\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/257"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stampingamericanmemory.org\/2014version\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}